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Edward Clark Carter (June 9, 1878 – November 9, 1954) worked with the International Y.M.C.A. in India and in France, during World War I, from 1902 to 1918, but was best known for his work with the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), of which he was secretary from 1926 to 1933, secretary general from 1933 to 1946 and executive vice-chairman from 1946 to 1948. Carter worked to increase knowledge and dialogue with the countries of the Pacific Rim, but he also promoted interests and groups which critics charged were communist fronts or communist dominated. In 1948, he left the IPR under pressure and became Provost and then Director of International Studies of the New School for Social Research in New York City. Carter became a main target of the McCarran Committee as part of a general investigation of the U.S. Department of State by Senator Joseph McCarthy. In 1940, he helped organize the Russian War Relief Fund, was chair (1941-1945); United States Service to China, director, (1948); United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, consultant (1948); and a member of the United China Relief. For a brief period in the early 1940s he also served as Editor of the journal ''Pacific Affairs'', the primary publication of the IPR.〔(Pacific Affairs website. )〕 He was decorated an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, Officer of the French Légion d'honneur, received into the Order of the Crown of Siam and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (USSR).〔(Biographical Note, Edward C. Carter Collection, University of Vermont )〕 ==Allegations== According to Carter's replacement as IPR Secretary General, Clayton Lane, Carter "was requested to resign" his leadership of the IPR "because of Carter's favorable attitude toward Russia."〔FBI Report: Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R., April 11, 1950, p. 75 (IPR file, Section 8)〕 According to files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Edward C. Carter described himself as a "fellow traveler."〔(FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 2 ), PDF p. 3〕 Among the positions he held were: * Secretary General of the Institute of Pacific Relations, an alleged "Communist front group"〔(''Ibid.'' ), PDF p. 17〕 * Chairman of the National Committee for Medical Aid to the Soviet Union, according to the Communist Party organ ''Daily Worker''〔(''Ibid.'', Section 1 ), PDF p. 32〕 * Chairman of Russian War Relief, which, according to the FBI, was "infiltrated with known Communists, Communist leaders, fellow travelers, and front organizations"〔(''Ibid.'' ), PDF p. 5〕 * President of the Board of Directors of the American Russian Institute,〔FBI Report: Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security–C, July 22, 1949, p. 5 ((FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4 ), PDF p. 7)〕 which was listed by Attorney General of the United States Thomas C. Clark on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations for 1948, in accordance with President Truman's Executive Order 9835. Andrew Avery, ''Chicago Journal of Commerce'' (July 1, 1946), alleged that Carter had been associated with such front organizations as the International Workers Order.〔FBI Report: Southern California Division, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, Security Matter" June 13, 1947, p. 2 ((FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 3 ), PDF p. 2)〕 Carter was alleged to "actively uphold Russia's policies"〔(''Ibid.'', Section 1 ), PDF p. 33〕 — for example, in 1938, when many other formerly loyal friends of the Soviet Union were becoming disillusioned by Joseph Stalin’s Great Purge,〔Frank A. Warren, (''Liberals and Communism: The Red Decade Revisted'' (Columbia University Press, 1993), ISBN 0-231-08445-5 ), pp. 170-71〕 Carter defended the show trials, saying the Russian people “are thankful that their government has at last been firm in dealing with what they regard as Fascist-supported intrigue to overthrow the Government of the Soviet Union.” This ''apologia'' was reprinted in full in ''Soviet Russia Today'', which identified Carter as a frequent contributor to “our leading periodicals.”〔(IPR file, ''Op. cit.'', Section 1 ), PDF p. 34〕 Carter also endorsed the Hitler-Stalin pact, according to the socialist magazine ''New Leader,''〔(''Ibid.'', Section 2 ), PDF p. 4〕 but after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he "proposed a toast to the success of the Soviet resistance to the Nazis and referred to Russia as the 'beloved Motherland of so many of us here tonight'"〔 and made a speech describing "the fight being waged by the Russian people in the defense of the democracies."〔(''Ibid.'' ), PDF p. 33〕 According to FBI files, Carter displayed "every indication that he has been closely associated with leading members of the Communist Party in the United States."〔(''Op. cit.'', Section 2 ), PDF p. 3〕 For example, in 1938, Carter recommended Communist Party Secretary Earl Browder to a Canadian club as a possible speaker, saying that Browder, "contrary to the public view, is 100% American."〔"(The Case Against I.P.R. )," ''Time'', September 3, 1951〕 In a 1938 letter, IPR Trustee Owen Lattimore congratulated Carter: "I think that you are pretty cagey in turning over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the absolutely essential radical aspects, but can be depended on to do it with the right touch..."〔“(The Right Touch ),” ''Time'', August 6, 1951〕 “Asiaticus” was the Polish-born Comintern agent Moses Wolf Grzyb, alias M. G. Shippe (or Schiffe), alias Hans (or Heinz) Muëller (or Moëller);〔Robert P. Newman, (''Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China'' ) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ISBN 0-520-07388-6, p. 452〕 “Han-seng” refers to Chen Han-seng, a Comintern recruit and "a member of the well-known Richard Sorge Spy Ring";〔Maochen Yu, "(Chen Hansheng's Memoirs and Chinese Communist Espionage )," ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', 6-7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 274〕 “Chi” was Red Chinese secret agent Chi Chao-ting (Ji Chaoding).〔S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, Institute of Pacific Relations (Hearings July 25, 1951-June 20, 1952 by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary)〕 Louis Budenz, former managing editor of the ''Daily Worker'', told FBI investigators "that he had numerous dealings with Carter, while on the ''Daily Worker'' staff, and that these dealings 'were on a plane based on the fact that he was a member of the Communist Party.'"〔FBI memorandum: F.J. Baumgardner to H.B. Fletcher, Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C, August 12, 1948, p. 2 ((IPR file, Section 3 ), PDF p. 85)〕 On April 22, 1948, Budenz advised, "Edward C. Carter was certainly under Communist Party discipline. I recall Jack Stachel, member of the national board of the Communist Party, stating that "Because the Russian War Relief Program is not going right, we will have to order Carter to realize his responsibility and continue his job. He is not running a community fund; he will have to live up to his Party responsibility."〔FBI Report: Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C, July 22, 1949, p. 37 ((IPR file, Section 4 ), PDF p. 40)〕 One Teletype message in the FBI's IPR file cites a source (redacted) to the effect that there was, since 1936, "a concerted effort to install men who had been screened by (Vanderbilt ) Field or Carter or other members of the IPR into the State Dept.”〔April 5, 1950 teletype, San Francisco to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and Special Agent in Charge, Baltimore, "Owen Lattimore, Espionage - R.," p. 1 (IPR file, Section 4)〕 Another memo in the file, by an IPR regional officer, alleges that Carter "may have been connected with the Communists in some way.... his political views are way to the left.... I have little confidence in his basic honesty."〔"Memorandum on Communism and the IPR," from Charles P. Rockwood, Executive Director, IPR Pacific Northwest Division, to Dr. Raymond B. Allen, President, University of Washington, November 9, 1948, p. 3 (FBI IPR file, Section 5)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Edward Clark Carter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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